CITRUS FRUITS. 






PART 1. 

FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE LEMON. 

By G. W. GARCELON, of Riverside. 



PART II. 

NEW VARIETIES OF CITRUS FRUITS. 

By B. M. LELONG, 

Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, and ex officio Chief 

Horticultural Officer. 




a£^- 



SACRAMENTO: 

STATE OFFICE, ::::::: A. J. JOHNSTON, SUPT. STATE PRINTING. 



1 



1891 



•as— <&- 



- 









CITRUS FRUITS. 



PART I. 

FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE LEMON. 

By G. W. GARCELON, of Riverside. 



PAET II. 

NEW VARIETIES OF CITRUS FRUITS. 

By B/^MTLELONG, 

Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, and ex officio Chief 

Horticultural Officer. 




SACRAMENTO: 

state office, : : : : : a. j. johnston, supt. state printing 

1891. 









\ 



STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 



OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. 

ELLWOOD COOPER, President Santa Barbara, 

Commissioner for the Los Angeles District. 

L. W. BUCK, Vice-President - Vacaville, 

Commissioner for the Napa District. 

S. RUNYON, Treasurer Courtland, 

Commissioner for the Sacramento District. 

< 

J. L. MOSHER, Auditor San Francisco, 

Commissioner for the State at Large. 

FRANK A. KIMBALL ....National City, 

Commissioner for the State at Large. 

A. F. WHITE Santa Rosa, 

Commissioner for the Sonoma District. 

FRED. C. MILES ....Penryn. 

Commissioner for the El Dorado District. 

I. H. THOMAS Visalia. 

Commissioner for the San Joaquin District. 

A. BLOCK Santa Clara. 

Commissioner for the San Francisco District. 

B. M. LELONG, Secretary. Ex officio Chief Horticultural Officer. 

ALEXANDER CRAW Clerk of the Publishing and Quarantine Bureau. 

ELLA F. HALLAHAN .Clerk. 

Office of the Board: 
No. 220 Sutter Street, San Francisco. 









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PREFACE TO FIRST PART. 



For a number of years extensive experiments have been conducted by 
lemon growers, with the aim to discover, if possible, a process that would 
keep lemons until such a time as there would be a market for them. 
Various methods have been tried, and while some of them have been 
more or less a success, yet they lacked the most essential point, i. e., the 
keeping of the lemon without shriveling and becoming dry on exposure 
to the atmosphere. Dealers in San Francisco have greatly complained 
of California lemons not keeping long after exposure, and for that reason 
the foreign lemon has had the lead. But this is no longer so; the Cali- 
fornia lemon is fast supplanting the foreign. California lemons are now 
placed in the markets — not only of this State, but also in the East — in 
a fresh condition, and do not shrivel or dry on being exposed, even 
after several w T eeks. 

That the growers have been able to place upon the markets a lemon 

having all the essential points, as well as quality, as late as ten months 

after being picked, only goes to show what constant experimenting and 

energy can accomplish. It is to G. W. Garcelon, of Riverside, that the 

success in this direction must be accorded. For a number of years he 

worked faithfully, experimenting at an outlay of considerable time and 

money, and now we give to the public the result of his " Fifteen Years 

with the Lemon," with the hope that others will be equally as successful. 

Certainly they can if they follow the directions and details closely, as in 

this lies the secret of success. 

Respectfully, 

B. M. LELONG, 

Secretary. 
San Francisco, Cal., September 17, 1891. 



PART I. 

FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE LEMON. 

By G. W. Gaecelon, of Riverside. 



In giving to the public the details of my experience with this most 
valuable of all citrus fruits, I will make no apology for a few introductory 
remarks. 

As in every well built structure much depends upon the foundation, so 
much of the success of handling lemons depends upon observing very 
carefully every detail; care and gentle handling should begin, continue, and 
end every act. I am well assured that failure will be the result if one 
tried to succeed with lemons without particularly and always recollect- 
ing that he is dealing with perishable fruit, which, because of the extreme 
firmness of the rind, he thinks may sustain without injury rough hand- 
ling. Oil cells upon the rind of a freshly picked lemon are as easily 
fractured as an egg shell; a slight pressure with the finger will often 
produce decay, and the surprise occasioned by spoiled lemons, when we 
were positive they were not bruised, will vanish if we could follow the 
lemon from the time it is clipped until decay overtakes it, especially 
when we recollect the frailty of the oil cells in the rind. 

In foreign countries where lemons are produced, labor is much less 
valuable, and time can be devoted to working up necessary details with- 
out adding very much to the cost. Here, where labor costs, every hour 
of time should show to the employer corresponding progress; even the 
employed feel that there should appear advance with the work. But if 
the expression "make haste slowly" has a fitting application, it belongs 
to this lemon business.. And as foreigners have learned by years of 
experience, with probable losses, how to take graciously $10 for a box of 
lemons which in nowise differed from our own at one time, and for 
which grumbling housekeepers begrudge us the paltry $2, we ought to 
bend our energies to produce just as good, recollecting being on the 
ground and a little protection will go far to make up the difference 
between well paid and cheap labor. 

Right here I wish to emphasize that not every man is going to make 
a success of lemon curing, not because it is not his intention to do his 
best, but because he cannot "steer the ship" and "take in the sail" at 
the same time. It has taken centuries for the natives of the Mediter- 
ranean shores to get into the rut of success. We are made of different 
material; and while we are working with our physical strength our 
mental visions are aloft after some new and shorter road to success, 
consequently mere animal strength and will often forget, because of the 
wandering brain, the details of which I believe are not the fort of the 
genus American, and "our basket of eggs," or lemons, are kicked over, 
and we tear down our poultry houses and take up our lemon trees. 
Now we are dependent more or less upon those who work for us — I 



— 6 — 

would not question the honesty of our laborers; I believe the most of 
them try to do their work well, yet this idea of making a show of having 
accomplished something does prevent thorough work. Men detest 
details, and hate worse to have their employers dwell upon and repeat 
the same thing over and over again; and while I have had some of the 
best of workmen, yet I often find myself much tried by small neglects, 
and I know I succeed very poorly in hiding away vexation under the 
bland smile of reproof. Now, this lemon industry, successfully done, 
demands the careful observance of small things. Right here I will add 
that the difficulty of trying to come up to the reputation of imported 
lemons with what few of the home production over which I had any 
control, I found insurmountable, consequently I discard in a measure 
the compliments for generosity that the press have awarded, as my 
object for the fifteen years has been to introduce in quantities lemons 
that our own people will prefer to the foreign. 

In Riverside and surrounding places I have succeeded, but I fail to 
reach the quantities, even though I had control of them. I would not 
be able to extend the successful supervision they need, consequently I 
have concluded to give to the public my process of producing " Rip Van 
Winkle " lemons, hoping that the merits of the lemon and its popu- 
larity will induce many others to help me keep at home the many 
millions of dollars which annually go abroad to pay for lemons. 

Years ago my attention was drawn toward the apparent truth that 
California could not produce a good lemon, for the San Francisco market 
quoted foreign lemons at $5 and $6; home, at $1 and $2, and even less. 
These last were always overgrown seedling lemons, which should have 
left the trees months before. But they grew larger, made fewer to the 
box, and made — yes, made those who used them profane over their 
efforts to extract any juice from them. Soon following the introduction 
of budded oranges, came budded lemons of different varieties. Even 
then, the fruit which should have been clipped as soon as it was ready 
was allowed to remain upon the trees months too long, because it was 
early winter, and no one wants lemons to any extent in winter. 

The lemon is an everbearing tree. While the orange blossoms and 
matures its fruit at stated times, the lemon tree is in flower and differ- 
ent stages of fruit throughout the year. I think I am correct in writ- 
ing that all fruits having seeds change at certain times the character 
and quality of juices. While in the first stages of growth, before seeds 
are developing, juices are fresh and characteristic, when seeds are being 
formed and matured the juices lose many properties and assist in 
maturing seeds. Now, how unreasonable to expect all the fruit of an 
everbearing tree, like the lemon, to be at the same time ready for clip- 
ping. We have learned already that lemons should be gathered from 
the tree many times through the year. At first, before we knew better, 
the whole crop was taken at one time, large and small, and to-day some 
growers persist in taking from the tree in early winter lemons no larger 
than walnuts, for fear of chill, having trees in exposed places. Now, 
if these trees had their growth checked earlier, so that in time of cold 
weather the trees were in a measure dormant, not so much harm would 
be done. Better still, do not put out lemon trees in badly exposed or 
low places. I have seen the fruit of orange trees hurt by frosty weather, 
while lemons on adjoining trees were not harmed. This was owing to 
the condition of the trees when the cold struck them. As a general 



— 7 — 

thing lemons are more tender than oranges. Put your lemon trees on 
the highest ground; it is always colder on the lowest soil. 

Do not bud lemons into lemon stock — China lemon stock is worse. 
Seedling orange trees make the best stock for the lemon. Lemon root 
is sure sooner or later to be affected with the gum disease. I also think 
that the stock does affect the bud and fruit. When trees are well cared 
for in and about Riverside and all other places between the Coast Range 
of mountains and those on the east, from one half to two thirds of 
the fruit will be both sizable and mature enough to clip from the last 
of October to the middle of December; the balance of fruit will be in 
different stages of growth, and as often as once a month, for six or seven 
months, the fruit should be clipped. In lemon orchards between the 
Coast Range and the ocean, conditions are somewhat different. The 
'saline atmosphere of the ocean modifies the cold, and the blossoms of 
the trees are not chilled; consequently the fruit crop is more evenly dis- 
tributed throughout the year. But this same situation and condition 
produce, by excessive moisture, a fungus up*on the trees and fruit which 
entails the expense of cleaning the lemons before marketing, and involves 
an extra handling, which, when fruit has to be kept for the market, is 
apt to impair its keeping qualities. On the other hand, lemon orchards 
east of the Coast Range produce the cleanest of fruit, and although the 
blossom in midwinter may drop from being chilled, yet the next bloom- 
ing will have more fruit in consequence, and this makes the heavy crop 
which matures before the holidays. 

The results of my experience have, from year to year, cost me time 
and money. Failure and loss had to be put on the income side of my 
returns, and if it had not been for the profit in growing oranges, which 
enabled me to use a little of the surplus to persevere, I would have been 
tempted, as others have been, to remove my lemon trees. Year after 
year a little more light on the subject encouraged me to continue, and 
to-day, although my system is not wholly perfect, yet I feel confident, 
when my plan becomes generally known, others more capable than I 
will further improve upon it. It is a fact that I have to-day (Septem- 
ber first) lemons in excellent condition, after being clipped ten months. 
Experts pronounce them equal to any grown in any part of the world. 
I have been often amused by the comments of those of an inquiring 
mind, who, holding my fruit to their olfactory organs, pronounce sul- 
phur, salt, lime, sawdust, sand, etc., to be the basis of the keeping and 
curing process, when the facts are that the main points of success are 
simple and inexpensive — no chemicals, only a little common sense. 
Too many of us are looking higher for the solution of our difficulties 
than the case warrants. Common sense, applied to a little persevering 
detail work, will often be the " open sesame " to success. 

While many newspapers have encouraged me in my progress, and 
said kind words, knowing that my success meant much for California, 
others have called attention to my meanness in withholding from the 
public and my neighbors the information I had gained. Not until I 
was sure of success would I have been excusable for claiming any merit 
for my plan of curing lemons. While it is a sign of progress for our 
newspapers to vie with each other in being first to put news before the 
public, there is danger of being "too previous" in this respect. Not 
only does the adage "be sure you are right, then go ahead," apply gen- 
erally to the press, but because our newspapers give first impressions, 



and it is difficult to remove a false first impression, no newspaper is 
excusable for giving as facts what may work an injury, unless all the 
means for obtaining reliable news are used. 

Although lemons handled as I care for them may be all right, yet the 
thing is to get them to market in good condition. Railroad companies 
charge the same price for landing a box of fruit spoiled by their careless 
handling as for a good box; thus, if I sent twenty boxes of lemons to 
Chicago it would cost me $2 80 per box, even though half of them 
spoiled in transit. In almost all branches of business a responsibility 
is obligatory upon those who do the business, and if loss comes from 
want of proper facilities to do the business, common justice demands 
that the loss be made good. But in the matter of sending fruit the 
shipper not only loses his fruit, but has to pay freight to the party 
through whose neglect the fruit comes to grief. Now, not until the 
railroad either chooses or is made by law to make good what is lost by 
their poor facilities in transportation, or even to lose the freight on 
goods spoiled in transit, can»we expect redress; and I favor a law which 
will encourage competition enough to give us better ventilated cars, and 
prevent railroad consolidation where the public suffers from a monopoly. 

Having been in San Francisco lately, I observed that well cured 
California lemons are fast taking the place of the foreign. Some of the 
heaviest dealers assured me that the demand for home-grown lemons 
was for nine out of every ten boxes wanted. How different from a few 
years since, when the poor reputation of lemons of inferior quality 
prevented even the really good fruit finding a paying market. 

Before proceeding to give the details of my process, I wish to publicly 
apologize for not replying to the many letters I have received about 
lemons. I had not the time to do so, and excused myself, knowing soon 
that all the many questions in said letters would be publicly answered. 
There may be a few more suggestions to make, but I will proceed to 
business, reserving, when each point is made plain, the right to make 
comments, which I think all interested in growing lemons will approve. 

I think best to classify the different points involved, and treat them 
in the following order: 

First — Where to grow lemons. 

Second — How to plant. 

Third — When to plant. 

Fourth — What to plant. 

Fifth — Pruning. 

Sixth — Processing the lemon. 

Seventh — Lemon house. 

Eighth — Picking. 

Ninth — How and when to clip fruit. 

Tenth — How to keep fruit. 

Eleventh — Marketing the lemon. 

WHERE TO GROW LEMONS. 

Select the highest and driest part of your citrus orchard for the lemon. 
If you have no situation which is comparatively free from frost, do not 
waste your time with lemons, for your crop will not be profitable to you, 
and will hurt your neighbor who may raise good lemons, as prices will 
be reduced by your poor fruit. There is wisdom in advising not only 



— 9 



each locality, but different orchards in each locality, to produce what it 
can do best — that will secure reputation and profit to all concerned. 

HOW TO PLANT. 

After having selected the proper location, see that the soil is properly 
leveled. After leveling break up as deeply as you can, so that the roots 
of your trees will have an opportunity to use the subsoil of your orchard. 
Look after the flume and irrigating apparatus. Stake not less than 
twenty-five feet apart each way; make the holes, according to age of 
tree, from two to two and one half feet each way. Be sure your tree is 
taken up with soil on roots sacked. Some how I think an evergreen 
tree ought never to have its roots exposed, so as to get dry; there are 
those who say that trees do just as well without the soil, but this opinion 
is given often to avoid trouble of sacking. Be careful and cut clean 
from ball of soil all roots mangled in digging. I think a lemon tree gets 
more injury from exposed and bare roots than an orange, because its 
growth is more luxuriant. Before the last two or three shovelfuls of soil 
are put around the tree run the water, and when the soil is settled 
around the roots put the reserved soil around the tree. 

WHEN TO PLANT. 

The best time to transplant citrus trees is just as the tree is starting 
out its new growth in March and April. 

WHAT TO PLANT. 

My favorite lemon is the Lisbon, and what I claim for it is rapid 
growth and good form of tree, profuse bearing, well proportioned and 
uniform fruit, with fine acid and good keeping qualities, as well as 
attractive appearance. The only thing that can be said against the 
tree is, it has thorns — yes, it has thorns; but I have for several years 
gathered lemons from the Eureka (thornless), and conclude that there 
is not much difference between the amount of culls — a cull is very 
seldom made from thorns; a very slight rubbing of branch, leaf, and 
limb upon a green lemon will make the cull. Then thorns diminish 
as trees grow older and mature their growth. The properties of the 
Eureka lemon are good, but its appearance and want of uniformity are 
against it; also, I believe, it is more tender than the Lisbon. The facts 
are that all varieties of lemons are improved by removing the fruit 
from the tree at the proper time, and not waiting until over mature, 
because as the pulp becomes fibrous the tendency to bitterness is increased. 

It is claimed for the Villa Franca that it is hardier than other varie- 
ties. If that is true, it is desirable on some accounts; yet, while I claim 
that cold weather brings out the tone in fruit, still a little extra cold will 
tend to develop in fruit thus exposed a tough resisting condition, which 
rather thickens and roughens the rind at the expense of quality. 
The fact that Riverside, with her little frosts, now leads the world in 
citrus fruits really indorses my claim, or why have not wholly tropical 
climes made their mark on the mere insipid sweetness of their fruits 
before this? Now, this question, what to plant, has been put to me 
many times. I have advised those who are in doubt about the variety 



— 10 — 

of lemon to plant, to first set out two or three-year old seedling orange 
trees, and bud in the orchard after a year or two; then time, which 
solves many difficulties, will have revealed what is the best variety. 
One will lose nothing, as I am sure that too often buds are put in trees 
too soon after being transplanted, consequently less vigor of growth 
and poorer trees. 

PRUNING. 

This is a great question, and no doubt will call forth much conten- 
tion. I give my opinion from observation and experience. After the 
tree is set let it grow. As soon as they appear remove all suckers, which 
some growers leave to protect the trunk of the tree from the sun; rather 
burlap the trunks and let the growth come from the top, which will con- 
stitute two thirds of the tree. Allow all top growth to remain, except 
shorten in any too luxuriant branches, and keep the trees well balanced, 
or winds will prune for you, and more than is desirable. Now, this is 
all that is necessary, except annually to clean out any wood in the tree 
which is too near or has got through being useful to the tree, always 
remembering that the best fruit of the lemon comes from the inside of 
the tree and nearest the ground. 

PROCESSING THE LEMON. 

For many years the question of lemon curing has puzzled me; so many 
plans for keeping lemons, each one partially successful, and the first 
warm days of May and June found the lemons on the market, because 
beginning to spoil or dry. My first experience was — well, it is time 
wasted, perhaps, to dwell upon those failures; suffice it to say that I have 
been through all, and not until I used a room plastered as for living, with 
attention turned to excluding light, draught, and heat, did I see the 
glimmerings of success; even then many lemons decayed, yet those 
that were good kept well and proved to be fine lemons. Having this 
clew, I began to think that the fruit was not taken from the tree with 
proper care, and gradually I used one plan and another until I reached 
my success of to-day. 

LEMON HOUSE. 

It is not necessary, unless one has a large lot of lemons, to build a 
very extensive or expensive house. Mine (see illustrations) cost me, 
with all appurtenances, about $2,500, and will contain six to seven car- 
loads of fruit, properly arranged, to keep from four to twelve months, and 
in addition I have in the basement two large rooms which I use for 
storing and packing, also for box material, etc. Feeling confident that 
the best success in handling lemons will come from each orchardist 
making arrangements to keep his own fruit, I recommend all growers 
of lemons to build a house somewhat after my plan, larger or smaller, 
according to their orchards. In a few words, a plastered room, or rooms, 
inside an unplastered but closely boarded and ventilated structure, and 
a hallway running around these rooms, which serves a double purpose, 
giving an inside passageway to rooms and allowing what is most essential, 
the boxes of lemons (newly picked) to be piled up in the outside passage 
until they gradually throw off excessive moisture and permit any lemon 
which has been bruised through careless handling, or otherwise, to 



— 11 — 

develop imperfections, etc., before the lemons are finally put to their 
" Rip Van Winkle " sleep. I would also advise that if the basement is 
not needed, to set the house nearer the ground and shade with trees and 
vines, which will keep the temperature down, as it is desirable to keep 
lemons as near the 60-degree limit as possible. The doors should be made 
to fit close in the inside rooms; no windows. A few windows, with close 
fitting shutters, ought to be placed in the outside structure; board tightly 
outside and inside rooms, and I now think lathing and plastering on the 
inside, with movable ventilator in ceiling, would be an improvement on 
mine. My rooms were plastered on ceiling, and sometimes moisture 
from spoiled lemons, which were not properly handled before putting in 
the rooms, caused the plastering to fall. 

PICKING. 

When to Clip Fruit. — When lemons, on well cared for trees, are from 
two and one half to three inches in diameter, they should be clipped. 
There should be a good proportion of the fruit, say one half to two 
thirds, ready to come from the tree from the middle of October to the 
middle of December, and it would be best to make two separate clippings 
in that time, for if you make only one some may be too large and others 
too small. Some growers clip smaller than I recommend, but the three 
hundred to the box size is the most popular. The longer you keep the 
lemon the more it will be reduced in size; you will have to make allow- 
ance for contraction — one third to one half — before it is marketed. 
Every three to four weeks the trees should be gone over for sizable fruit 
until all is gathered. Color cuts no figure, only if the tree is not in good 
condition, or suitable lemons are not all gathered, my rule will not hold. 
It has been claimed that the first clipped fruit keeps better than the 
last, and that there is some of the fruit that is not a true lemon. Now, 
I take no stock in such claims; the trouble comes either from excessive 
chill, or from lemons which have been overlooked in former clippings; 
both will spoil and affect those near them after being gathered. Of course, 
I do not say that there is not some fruit on lemon trees that, through 
some, as yet, unexplained reason, will be no good. This is true of all 
fruit, and is not confined to the lemon, or less to first clipping than the 
others; only wind and exposure will make more of this fruit in later 
clippings than first. 

How to Clip Fruit. — The grower should provide himself with proper 
ladders, which may be extention or self-supporting. First, though, he 
should secure careful, trustworthy men, who will not think it too trivial 
to carry out the details which must be observed in order to secure suc- 
cess. Do not hurry them; recollect that, although their time costs you 
money, you will make more by giving them all the time necessary to do 
this work well, and should not be hired to pick by box or piece. I have 
never used rings for measurement, although some growers do. It may 
be an advantage in getting the exact size, yet there is a disadvantage in 
the fact that some lemons are ready to come from the tree a little smaller 
than others, and although purchasers desire mostly the three hundred 
size, yet three hundred and sixty, three hundred and twenty-four, as 
well as two hundred and fifty are good sizes. Also, the gloves and clip- 
pers which the workmen have to use with the rings delay the work. 
The eye of a good workman is all that is needed, and if he is at times 



— 12 — 

at a loss his forefinger and thumb around the lemon will, after he has 
the diameter, approximate the size wanted. I like oval baskets, holding 
about sixty to seventy-five lemons, lined with burlap, which may be 
carefully tacked in the bottom, being sure to cover the heads of tacks 
with the cloth. Never clip lemons into sacks. Fastened to the handle of 
the basket may be a stout, bent wire to attach the basket to the ladder 
or tree. Never pull the fruit; always clip. Put the fruit in the basket 
carefully, and when full empty into the picking box, first throwing a 
loose sack into the box so that it will break the fall of the fruit. The 
basket being oval, one end is put into the box, and then withdrawn, leav- 
ing the fruit in the box, and bruising avoided. Some take the fruit from 
the basket by hand and place into the box. This is very safe, but time 
can be saved by my way, but care must be used. After the first basket- 
ful is emptied the loose sack can be gently taken from under the lemons 
and used for the next. The size of picking boxes is immaterial. I 
use boxes that are twenty-four inches long, fifteen inches wide, and nine 
inches deep. Do not expose the fruit to the sun after clipping, and 
remove it in the boxes carefully the same day into the hallway of the 
lemon house. When clipping lemons do not leave a long stem, as in 
handling the stem will injure the fruit next to it. 

HOW TO KEEP FKUIT. 

We place our boxes of lemons in the hallway of the lemon house — if 
in early winter on the south side, if in late spring or summer on the 
north side, next to outside boarding of inside room. The main doors 
are kept closed, the ventilators open, and the excessive moisture will 
evaporate from the fruit in about four weeks in winter months, and 
from two to three in summer; then put the lemons away. Now provide 
yourself with trays just the size of raisin trays, only deeper; the ends 
should be one and one half inches deep, and nail a lath on each side, 
to keep the fruit from rolling out. I have utilized my raisin trays, and 
nailed one and one half inch pieces on the ends. Select one corner of a 
room which, to prevent loss of space, could be made a little larger than is 
necessary, for a number of tiers of trays. Under each tier put a closed 
empty tray — or two would be better — as I find the fruit next to the bottom 
as well as top cures faster and shrivels more. Upon this foundation put 
your tray for the first lot of lemons, which carefully empty from the 
picking box. It would be best to begin two tiers of trays at once, so 
that the lemons that are left over from filling the first tray, with only 
one layer, can be put on the second. Of course throw out as you come 
to them all imperfect fruit. In this way build up your tiers of trays as 
high as you conveniently can, using your empty picking boxes for 
staging. Lastly cover the top trays with one or two tight trays. In 
this way fill your room and keep your inside doors open for a few days, 
afterward close through the day and open through the night, according 
to the moisture in the room, which should be kept comparatively dry. 
After the lemons are once put away on trays, and if they have been 
properly cared for before, and the rooms looked after as I have advised, 
there will be no need of disturbing them until wanted for packing, 
even if it is four, six, eight, ten, or twelve months after. A few will 
spoil, say from 2 to 10 per cent. Although the lemons at first touch 
each other in the one layer on the tray, they will contract so that if any 



— 13 — 

spoil they will not often affect the next ones, and the few spoiling 
lemons give a little necessary moisture to the air of the room. This is 
all. You can look in from time to time to notice condition. If a ven- 
tilator is put in ceiling of inner rooms you will have to be careful of 
draughts, and perhaps use less door opening and closing. 

MARKETING THE LEMON. 

This brings me to my lastly, and I am going to plead a degree of 
ignorance, for I have been unable to follow the fruit in its travels so as 
to know the reason why some of the same fruit will reach its destination 
and give perfect satisfaction while other boxes of like fruit handled in 
the same way are reported as spoiled. However, as I have shipped lemons 
and oranges together, I find that just as large a percentage of oranges 
spoil as lemons, and I conclude, first, that the carrying facilities are 
faulty — different compartments for perishable fruits are necessary where 
less than carload lots are sent — and that our cars are very faulty in con- 
struction. Second, I advise that the strongest influence be brought to bear 
upon railroad authorities to prepare better cars for fruit. If some one 
could experiment on the different methods of conveying fruit over the 
continent something might come of it. It seems hard upon the shipper, 
after he has done his best and succeeded, that his work should be so 
marred because those who receive a high price for doing their part do 
not seem to care for anything but the money that is in it for them. 
There should be the most amicable feelings between the fruit grower and 
the railroad company, because each is necessary for the other, and both 
are necessary for the prosperity of the country. I dwell upon this 
because it is now the great barrier which rears itself up before our great 
lemon industry, and the sooner something is done to reduce this obstacle 
of 10 per cent loss in transportation and high price of freight for less 
than carload lots, the quicker will both railroad and grower reap larger 
profits. Could not the railroad appoint some competent man to go with 
each train of fruit and look after the condition of every car all along 
the journey, regulating the ventilation, etc.? Reports from fruit ship- 
ments read "fruit heated," "fruit chilled," fruit rotted," etc., until the 
shipper gets weary and his pocketbook grows thin. 




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LEMON HOUSE. 
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MAIN FLOOR 

The outside of all the rooms is boarded with tongued and grooved boards. The ceilings 
of all rooms are plastered — two coats — with rough plaster. 



LEMON HOUSE. 



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— 18 — 



PART II. 



NEW VARIETIES OF CITRUS FRUITS. 

By B. M. Lelong, Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, and ex officio Chief 

Horticultural Officer. 



For some time past there has been considerable inquiry as to new 
varieties of citrus fruits, and especially in regard to those lately intro- 
duced. In 1888 we published a very complete list of the varieties then 
in cultivation, and the merits of each. In that list appeared many 
varieties which did not come up to the expectations of those who im- 
ported them. Recently many thousands of trees have been introduced 
and planted throughout the State, and among these later importations 
many of those same varieties that proved of no merit have been 
reintroduced as " worthy of trial." 

" It should always be borne in mind in considering the qualities of 
the oranges of the different sections of the country, that climate has a 
marked effect upon this as well as all other fruits. The skin of nearly 
all varieties is thicker and more free from defects in California than in 
Florida and Louisiana, and the flavor much more tart. The misunder- 
standing of this fact often leads to much confusion regarding the 
identity of varieties and their adaptability to certain localities. Those 
that are very mild flavored should not be grown in Florida, because 
they become insipidly sweet; and those of very tart flavor become really 
sour in California. If such kinds are planted reversely to the above, 
they will in both cases be much improved."* 

In the past two years, and last year especially, I received several hun- 
dred specimens of these discarded kinds for identification. It is to be 
regretted that many of those planting extensively hardly ever question 
the merits of the variety, as long as the trees offered them are large and 
cheap. It is the extensive planter who mostly falls into this error. 
The small planter seldom ever buys a tree without examining it crit- 
ically, and the honesty of the nurseryman growing it questioned. Were 
this' rule followed by all who plant orchards, less inferior fruit would 
find its way into the market, which tends to injure the sale of the 
choice article. 

It is the duty of this department to examine into the relative merits 
of such varieties, and new fruits, as come under its notice, and to report 
such facts of general interest to the public. No sooner is such a report 
made than we are flooded with inquiries asking, in the main, as to 
where and from whom they can be purchased, etc., information which 
we must decline to supply, and suggest that in future such communi- 
cations be addressed to nurserymen. 

* Professor H. E. Van Deman, Chief Pomoloaist, Report Department of Agriculture. 
1887, p. 638. 



A NEW ORANGE. 




THE 'J OP PA'.' 



— 19 — 

JOPPA. 

[Colored Plate*.] 

This is a remarkable orange, as it can be marketed early, being sweet 
and of a fairly high flavor from about the time it commences to color. 
In this respect it compares favorably with imported oranges often seen 
in our markets — picked quite green for transportation. It has the 
characteristics of an orange that comes nearer meeting the wants of all 
sections than any other, as it can be marketed early and yet remain on 
the tree till May and June without deterioration in quality. 

At the December (1890) meeting of the State Horticultural Society, 
I exhibited specimens which were picked of a quite green color, but 
were highly flavored and sweet. 

" The orange is large, seedless, exceedingly fine grained, and free from 
' rag,' the significant term which is applied to the fluffy white layer which 
lies between the true skin and the pulp. The orange, though seedless, 
has no rudimentary seed vessel which forms the characteristic mark of 
the Navel orange, and occupies part of the space of the fruit with a non- 
edible material." f 

At the June (1891) meeting of the same society, I again exhibited 
specimens of the Joppa, and which were then in prime condition. 

Fruit (see colored plate). — Very uniform, oblong, medium to large, 
firm, practically seedless, distinguished by a well defined corona at the 
blossom end; thin rind, solid and free from rag; pulp very fine, sweet, 
and juicy; resembles the pulp of the Washington Navel. The fruit 
does not drop from the tree, is very tenacious, and of a deep red color. 

Tree. — Thornless, an upright and vigorous grower, attains the bear- 
ing surface of thrifty seedlings, and is a heavy bearer. A ten-year old 
tree from the bud, at Mr. Chapman's, now measures eighteen feet in 
height and fourteen and one half feet in diameter; foliage large, dark 
green, symmetrical, and very abundant; leaves large, lanceolate; petiole 
prominently winged on either side. 

Origin. — Mr. A. B. Chapman, of San Gabriel, was connected for a 
number of years with the law firm of Glassell, Chapman & Smith, of Los 
Angeles, who were the attorneys of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In 
1877, in conversation with the late Charles Crocker and General D. D. 
Colton, on their return from the Mediterranean, and while on a tour of 
inspection, wherein the building of the Santa Ana branch was in con- 
templation, they praised an orange they had seen at Joppa, Palestine, 
above all others. Mr. Chapman sent to the American Consulate at that 
point for some seeds (instead of buds) of that orange, not thinking 
they would produce different fruit. He received from the Consul some 
seeds, which he planted that same year. Many plants were thus 
obtained, and when large enough were set out in orchard. All of them 
bore fruit of different quality, as is natural in growing trees from the 
seed. This one had then attained the size of large seedlings, and bore 
this superior and handsome orange, which was readily distinguished by 
its fine texture, deep red color, smooth skin, and other marked character- 

* Lithographed by the H. S. Crocker Company, of San Francisco. The reason their 
name does not appear on the plate, is because the work was first undertaken by another 
firm. 

t " Pacific Rural Press," January 10, 1891, commenting upon specimens exhibited. 



— 20 — 

istics, which Mr. Chapman named " Joppa," in order to indicate the 
locality of its original home in the Holy Land. 

Ruby. 

[Figure l.J 

"A new orange of superior quality, recently imported. Tree strong, 
of vigorous growth, and nearly thornless. Fruit rather below medium 
size, nearly round, skin very thin and smooth, pulp in March and April 
ruby-red."* 




Fig. 1. 

While at Riverside, July 21, 1891, Hon. E. W. Holmes showed me 
specimens of this orange grown by him. They showed no indications 
of deterioration, notwithstanding the lateness of the season. The speci- 
mens were in their prime, the flavor very good, and resembled the Maltese 
Blood to a considerable extent. The pulp was somewhat of a marked, 
vinous red, but not so prominent as in the Maltese Blood. There were 
no indications of "blood" coloration on the surface of the rind as is 
noticeable in the Maltese Blood. I was highly impressed with the 
orange, and think it will be worth propagation by those desiring to 
propagate- an orange of vinous red, or " blood-stained " pulp. Mr. 
Holmes informed me that it was a very good grower and a late keeper. 



Parson Brown. 

[Figure 2.] 

This is a favorite early orange in many parts of Florida, and will no 
doubt come into favor in this State after its merits become better known. 

Trees imported in recent years from Florida have commenced to bear. 
Fine and highly colored specimens were shown at the Marysville Citrus 

* Bulletin No. 1, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C, 1887. 



— 21 — 

Fair last spring. These, however, having been grown on red soil highly 
impregnated with red oxide of iron, were of a deeper red color than this 
orange is known to possess. 




Fig. 2. 

Fruit. — Medium, oblong, and slightly flattened at the stem end, juicy 
and sweet — is sweet from the time it commences to turn, and has a very 
smooth skin. 

Tree. — Medium thorny, a fair grower, and a good bearer. Originated 
in Florida. 

Daucy's Tangierine. 

[Figure 3.] 

This variety has only been introduced within recent years, but many 
trees bore fruit this year that is quite promising. In another season we 




Fig. 3. 



shall be better able to judge all its merits, and shall lose no time in 
making them known to the public. I received this last season samples 



— 22 — 

of fruit from Florida which I compared with those grown in this State,, 
and judging from their appearance and quality it is a variety well 
worth propagating. It is a seedling from the China, a variety resem- 
bling our Mandarin, but of a better quality. 

"Size small, much flattened, color deeper and more brilliant than 
parent variety (China). Longitudinal diameter one and three quarters 
inches; transverse diameter two and one fourth inches; the eye set in 
a deep cavity seven eighths of an inch in diameter; stalk straight and 
inserted in a ribbed depression; thickness of skin three sixteenths of 
an inch; general properties of pulp same as parent, only superior; fruit 
nearly seedless. In flavor and external appearance this variety is 
superior to the original. Seminal variety of the Tangierine raised by 
Col. F. L. Daucy, Buena Vista, St. Johns County, Florida."* 

" The foliage of Daucy's Tangierine more nearly resembles that of the 
ordinary sweet orange than the other varieties of this class; tree 
thorny and an upright grower. "f 

The illustration gives an idea as to size and shape of fruit. The leaf 
of the trees I have seen resembles the leaf of the Satsuma, but is more 
pointed. It does not have so much of a dwarfish tendency, but I do 
not think they will make large trees, as those I have seen seemed to be 
inclined to branch and spread out and become bushy. 

Villa Franca Lemon. 

"At the head of the list we place this kind, imported from Europe. 
Strong, vigorous grower, few thorns, leaves long and pointed, very 
hardy; fruit oblong, thin skinned, and of superior flavor; ripens in 
July and August, and often has a second crop later — in November and 
December. The best shipping lemon we know."! 

After seeing trees of this variety fruiting for two seasons, I became so 
favorably impressed with it that in 1886 I secured a few buds from trees 
imported direct from Europe, and budded them into several orchard 
trees in the A. S. Chapman grove at San Gabriel. The growth the buds 
made was really astonishing. In one season they had formed a large 
and symmetrical top. The year following several lemons were seen on 
the trees, and from that time on they have continued to bear fruit. 
Mr. Chapman says that he, also, is very favorably impressed with this 
lemon, and thinks it will prove a valuable variety to propagate. 

" We have this year fruited it, and can say from personal knowledge 
that it ranks among the first three varieties yet known in the United 
States. As the specimens tested were grown on young trees, they 
probably were not as smooth and fine- textured as they would have been 
if grown on mature trees; certainly not so nice in appearance as the 
Lisbon, which we deem the standard. But, upon sweating, the skin 
thinned down excellently, and showed a texture which inclines us to 
expect it to prove a fairly good keeper. The acid is strong, the aroma 
excellent, and in the specimens thus far we have discovered no seed. It 
has stood the test used to develop bitterness, and it is superior to the 
Eureka and equal to the Lisbon in this respect. If it shall prove a 
lemon which will keep as well as the Lisbon — which can only be 
thoroughly proven when it comes into extensive bearing — it will be the 

* Report of Committee of Florida Fruit Growers Association, 
t Bulletin No. 1, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C, 1887. 



— 23 — 

equal of any lemon grown. The tree will stand frost better than the 
Eureka, and perhaps as well as the Lisbon; is more inclined than the 
latter to be an early bearer, and we can but pronounce it a thoroughly 
safe variety to plant. The only reservation we make is in regard to its 
keeping qualities, and of this we cannot know until it is handled in 
considerable quantities."* 

Fruit. — Medium size, oblong; slightly pointed at the blossom end; rind 
thin, without any trace of bitterness, even when green; acid strong; 
juicy; practically seedless. 

Tree. — Practically thornless; branches spreading and somewhat droop- 
ing; foliage sufficiently abundant to prevent the fruit from scorching. 
This variety has the name of withstanding a lower temperature than 
other imported varieties. 

Pear-Shaped Lime. (Castleman.) 

[Figure 4.] 




Fruit. — Large, pyriform, of a pale yellow color, with smooth, thin 
skin, and strong aroma of pomelo. Pulp juicy, with strong acid like the 

*" Riverside Horticulturist," April 29, 1891. 



— 24 — 

Mexican lime; seeds few and small. The fruits are treated the same as 
lemons, and are picked just as they begin to assume a yellowish cast. 

If allowed to hang on the tree too long, becomes coarse and ''puffy;" 
also a large cavity forms in center, which greatly tends to injure its 
shipping qualities. The outline illustration shows the size of the cavity 
and thickness of skin. 

Tree. — Ornamental sort; very large, hardy, and prolific; leaf small, 
somewhat like the leaf of the Mexican lime. 

Origin. — Mr. I. S. Castleman, of Riverside, several years ago pur- 
chased a number of citrus trees from the Garey Nursery at Los Angeles, 
and among the lot was this one, which is, no doubt, a sport, or perhaps 
crossed with the lime and pomelo. The tree serves both purposes— that 
of being ornamental as well as useful. 

Citron of Commerce. 

Newly introduced varieties sent to Hon. Frank A. Kimball, of National City, 
by the Department of Agriculture, for propagation and distribution. 

On May 17, 1890, Mr. Kimball received one hundred plants of the fol- 
lowing vai'ieties: Forty Amain, thirty Serrento, and thirty Calabria. 
They arrived in excellent condition, having been shipped from Naples, 
Italy. Every plant had on it more or less scale insects; some of them 
were completely covered, so the bark could hardly be seen. The trees 
were denuded of every leaf, which, with the packing cases and coverings, 
were burned, and the trees disinfected, and were then planted (instead of 
being distributed to more than thirty individuals scattered through the 
five southern counties of the State, as he was directed to do by the 
department). Although Mr. Kimball worked faithfully to rid them of 
all scale, 3^et says he cannot even now say that a single scale could not 
be found on those which he retained for himself. He examined every 
tree before distributing, and not one has been sent out which was not 
perfectly clean. Mr. Kimball retained three trees of each variety for his 
own planting. When the trees were distributed he trimmed them to 
balance the loss of roots which were necessarily destroyed in digging. 
The small branches thus cut off he used for budding sticks, and thus 
saved some eight or nine hundred buds, which he had inserted in three- 
year old orange stocks, and finds that he has some exceedingly robust 
trees. Many of those which were budded June 1, 1890, were four feet high 
on December 1, 1890, and had branches which spread more than three 
feet. He has planted some six hundred of these trees and they are 
doing finely; many of them are loaded with fruit. On some of them he 
has counted about one hundred fruits, which of course he cut off, except 
one on each branch. The first buds he set were taken from trees which 
he feared might not survive, so he determined to save the varieties by 
cutting out buds, some of which were not larger than two kernels of 
wheat. From these he now has trees about five feet high, with branches 
spreading four feet. 

June 18, 1890, lTe received ten trees, varieties as follows: Two Porno 
de Adamo, two Macrocarpo, two Icompio, two Pireltone, and two " Citrus 
Medica" (?). These were shipped from Palermo, Sicily, and arrived in 
a very enfeebled condition, an attempt having been made to pack a box 
with ten trees, in which not less than fifty should have been packed, 



— 25 — 

loose earth having been thrown over the roots, with nothing to keep it 
in place; the result being that the earth was spread all over the bottom 
of the box, five feet long and fifteen inches wide, leaving the roots of the 
trees bare. He only saved four trees and a few buds, which are doing 
well — the buds especially. 

On October 30, 1890, he received fifteen citron trees from Catania, 
Sicily. Varieties: Eight Cedro Vara, three Testa de Turco, two Pirel- 
tone, and two Limonzania, which had been budded on old stock, and 
from some cause had very poor roots; in fact, Mr. Kimball says he never 
before planted trees which had so poor a chance to live. Of these he 
saved seven. 

None of these varieties have been described with any degree of 
accuracy, and their value can only be determined by growing the fruit 
and preparing the product for market, which Mr. Kimball hopes to do. 
Mr. Kimball says: 

From a good deal of correspondence with Prof. H. E. Van Deman, Pomologist Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, as well as with American Consuls in the Mediterranean country, I 
am satisfied there is a mine of wealth in the growing of the citron. To Prof. H. E. Van 
Deman Southern California is indebted to an extent not at present conceived of. I have 
seen no other tree which has so quickly adapted itself to our conditions, nor one which 
exhibits such a robust character. The' foliage is beautiful, the growing shoots being of a 
reddish-purple color, and very rich; the ripened leaves are not so dark as orange leaves, 
nor yet so light as the lemon; they are very fragrant. The flowers are very similar to 
the lemon, but have the fragrance of the orange. I hope to see every family in Southern 
California growing their own "citron." 

Mr. Kimball, in a supplemental note, says: 

I have no hesitation in saying that from all I can learn the citron will pay an enormous 
profit, as the fruit may be kept many months after it is picked, and may be processed by 
any one who can prepare preserves of any kind. Among the varieties there are some 
which bear fruit weighing six to eight pounds, and the price in Sicily seldom falls below 
6 cents per pound when picked, and later on a much higher price. I have distributed 
nearly one hundred of the original importation, and thousands of buds. 



— 26 — 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 



Imports and Exports of Citrus Fruits — Number of Trees in the State- 
Temperatures of Italian, Floridan, and Californian Citrus Belts- 
Acreage, etc. 



ORANGE AND LEMON TREES IN CALIFORNIA. 

Schedule Showing the Number of Orange and, Lemon Trees in the State up to September 17 , 1891, 
Collected, from Reliable Sotirces. 



County. 


Bearing. 


Not Bearing. 


Alameda — Orange trees 

Lemon trees 


722 

525 

72 

34 

3,007 

362 

145 

18 

195 

44 

155 

118 

108 

30 

1,113 

400 

425 

275 

125 

475,726 

47,403 

225 

16 

28 

18 

325 

215 

75 

14 

455 

378 

100 

89,260 

5,097 

6,055 

595 

1,310 

166 

391,656 

24,066 

26,715 

7,006 

112 

22 

1,200 

600 

126 

50 

6,700 

3,750 

920 

156 


1,874 
622 


Amador — Orange trees ... - 


44 


Lemon trees 


18 


Butte — Orange trees 


116,005 


Lemon trees 


1,400 


Calaveras — Orange trees 


85 


Lemon trees.. . 

Colusa — Orange trees . . .. . 


200 

6,728 
54 


Lemontrees . . 


Contra Costa— Orange trees 


243 


Lemontrees 


140 


El Dorado— Orange trees 

Lemontrees .. 


176 
265 


Fresno — Orange trees . .. 


4,828 


Lemontrees . 

Kern— Orange trees . 


980 

852 


Lemontrees .. .. 


365 


Lake — Orange trees _. 

Los Angeles — Orange trees .. 


236 
511,376 


Lemontrees 


29,524 


Marin — Orange trees. 


23 


Lemontrees.. 




Mariposa — Orange trees .. 


145 


Lemontrees. . 


115 


Merced — Orange trees .. 


625 


Lemonti'ees 

Monterey — Orange trees 


420 
146 


Lemontrees 




Napa — Orange trees ... 


920 


Lemontrees 


254 


Nevada — Orange trees (estimated) . 

Orange — Orange trees 


200 
51,769 


Lemontrees . 


19,969 


Placer — Orange trees 


5,480 


Lemontrees 


1,300 


Sacramento — Orange trees 

Lemontrees 


12,300 
976 


San Bernardino — Orange trees 


1,895,544 


Lemontrees 


155,934 


San Diego — Orange trees .. 


177,311 


Lemon trees . 


58,916 


San Joaquin — Orange trees 


• 2,640 


Lemon trees 


65 


San Luis Obispo — Orange trees 


4,600 


Lemon trees 

San Mateo— Orange trees 

Lemontrees... ... 


1,950 
244 


Santa Barbara — Orange trees 

Lemontrees .. . 


37,500 
9,400 


Santa Clara — Orange trees 


415 


Lemontrees 


175 



27 



Orange and Lemon Trees in California — Continued. 



County. 



Bearing. 



Not Bearing. 



Santa Cruz— Orange trees 

Lemon trees-.- 

Shasta — Orange trees 

Lemon trees 

Solano — Orange trees 

Lem on trees 

Sonoma — Orange trees ... . 

Lemon trees.. 

Stanislaus — Orange trees. 

Lemon trees 

Sutter — Orange trees 

Lemon trees 

Tehama — Orange trees ... 

Lemon trees 

Tulare — Orange trees 

Lemon trees 

Ventura — Orange trees . . . 

Lemon trees 

Yolo — Orange trees 

Lemon trees 

Yuba— Orange trees 

Lemon trees. 



120 

44 

74 

44 

1,303 

189 
1,619 

255 
1,154 

254 

353 
27 

380 

104 
1,580 

455 
8,644 
4,215 

485 

214 
3,132 

327 



80 
125 



2,114 

215 

1,466 

840 

16,642 

314 

3,144 

125 

866 

114 

1,750 

1,430 

55,056 

32,512 

856 

309 

18,027 



SUMMARY. 

Orange trees— Bearing 1,025,899 

Not bearing 2,932,451 

Lemon trees — Bearing ' 97.486 

Not bearing 318,981 

Total orange and lemon trees in the State 4,374,817 

Note. — The counties that are omitted do not grow citrus fruits, but in most of them 
orange and lemon trees are seen in gardens, planted for ornamentation. 

Trees over five years old after planting are classed ,as bearing; under five years old as 
not bearing, and includes those of this year's planting. 



28 — 



NUMBER OF LEMON AND ORANGE TREES IN CALIFORNIA IN 1870. 
(From Assessors' Statements.) 



County. 


Lemon. 


Orange. 


Alameda . 


88 
130 
10 
10 
35 
6 


64 


Amador . 


120 


Calaveras 


28 


Colusa . . 


20 


Contra Costa - 


80 


Del Norte 


4 


El Dorado... 


8 


Fresno. 




10 


Kern 


15 


53 


Lake 


15 


Los Angeles n .. 

Merced .. 


3,700 

10 

47 

24 

15 

40 

275 

415 

290 

12 

50 

10 

1,200 

25 

25 

2 

27 


34,000 
5 


Monterey 




Napa 


50 


Nevada .. . .. .. 


120 


Placer _ .. 


62 


Sacramento . . 


542 


San Bernardino 


875 


San Diego .. . . 


233 


San Joaquin 


30 


San Luis Obispo . 


50 


San Mateo 


15 


Santa Barbara 


1,508 


Santa Clara . 


167 


Santa Cruz . 


60 


Sierra ; 


1 


Solano 


81 


Sonoma 


40 


Stanislaus 




10 


Sutter . 

Tehama. ... 


21 

8 

374 

150 

12 

60 


60 
14 


Tulare ... 


129 


Tuolumne . 


70 


Yolo .' 


217 


Yuba 


250 






Totals 


7,086 


38,991 







ORANGES AND LEMONS EXPORTED IN 1890. 

By the Southern Pacific System — Pounds. 

'San Francisco* 144,500 

Marysville 20,850 

Los Angeles 7,477,120 

Cotton 10,801,850 

Total 18,444,320 

Or 9,222 tons; or 922 carloads. 

By the Santa Fe System — 

From all points (South of Tehachapi) . 49,975,000 

Or 24,987 tons; or 2,498 carloads. 



ORANGE AND LEMON CROP OF 1890-91. 

Cars 4,600 

Boxes 1,380,000 

Tons . 48,300 

*The shipments given from this point consist of fruit received from different parts of the State, 
but mostly from Southern California. 



— 29 — 

ORANGE CROP OF 1889-90.* 

Boxes. 

Riverside 340,000 

Los Angeles, outside of Pasadena and Pomona 450,000 

San Diego 30,000 

Anaheim 35,000 

Pomona . . 22,000 

Pasadena 30,000 

San Bernardino, Colton,and Highland 20,000 

Ontario and vicinity 2,000 

Santa Ana, Orange, and Tustin 86,000 

Redlands and Old San Bernardino 25,125 

Ventura 15,000 

Santa Barbara 2,000 

Oroville 2,860 

Yuba -. . 5,000 

Placer 2,500 

Santa Clara 1,000 

Fresno... 500 

Sutter 300 

Solano... 150 

Total 1,069,435 



ORANGES SHIPPED IN 1888-89.* 

Los Angeles'County: Boxes. ( 

Los Angeles 23,412 

Winthrop 46,281 

Vernondale. 40.940 

Dodsworth 13,008 

Tropico 20,988 

Alhambra... 39,596 

San Gabriel 24,442 

Savannah 14,363 

Pomona ... 16,500 

Rivera 31,310 

Lamanda Park 15,500 

Pasadena 43,400 

Duarte 29,140 

Azusa 11,160 

Other places 30,807 

Total 400,847 

San Bernardino County: 

San Bernardino 4,030 

Riverside 260,661 

Colton 5,656 

Redlands 15,169 

Ontario 600 

Highlands 3,650 

Other places • 5,281 

Total 295,047 

Other counties : 

Orange 92,896 

Santa Barbara 17,000 

San Diego 10,250 

Ventura 10,886 

Total 131,032 

Grand total 826,926 

* Report Internal Commerce of the United States, 1890, p. 318. 



— 30 — 

SAN GABRIEL AND RIVERSIDE SHIPMENTS. 
(Compared with former years.) 

San Gabriel. 

Oranges and Lemons Shipped from San Gabriel. 

1876-7 --- 14,305 boxes. 

1878-9 43,856 boxes. 

Acreage. 

1877 (oranges and lemons) - 1,300 acres. 

1880 (oranges and lemons) 2,206 acres. 

Orange- Trees Planted - 

1877 71,793 

1880 134,252 

1877 (in bearing) 5,752 

1880 (in bearing) 28,734 

Lemon — 

1877 - - - — 10,806 

1880 11,885 

Lime — 

1877 ... 3,397 

1880 _- 5,544 

Total Number of Citrus Trees. 

Covering San Gabriel, Alhambra, Pasadena, and Duarte. 

1877 -- -. -. - 86,285 

1880 155,278 

From 1877 to 1880 there was an increase of 12,671 trees in San Gabriel, or 181 acres a 
year. 

Total Number of Oranges, Lemons, and Limes Shipped. 

1876-77. . 2,383,166 

1878-79 9,209,760 

Entire Fruit Crop of 1878-79. Boxes. 

Oranges 40,932 

Lemons 2,619 

Limes 305 

Total 43,856 

Total Value of Fruit Crop. 

1876-77 $47,683 32 

1878-79. 92,097 60 

The citrus fruits shipped from San Gabriel from the crop of 1878-79 were raised by 
thirty-five persons, and out of the 13,856 boxes sold 36,440 were sold by ten persons, leav- 
ing only an average of 300 boxes each to the twenty-five other fruit growers. The oranges 
shipped from the crop of 1878-79 averaged 210 to the box; 40,932 boxes contained 
8,595, 720 oranges; value of crop, $85,957 20. Total number of bearing trees, 28,734; num- 
ber of trees to the acre, 70; total acres in bearing, 410; value of crop to the acre, $209 68. 

Shipments. 

1871, Los Angeles County 1,730,000 oranges. 

1872, Los Angeles County 4,000,000 oranges. 

1879, From San Gabriel (about).... - j ^^ leSs! 



— 31 — 



Riverside. 
Oranges and Lemons Shipped from Riverside. 



Years. 


Carloads. 


Boxes. 


1880-81 


15 

42 

45 

50 

456 

506 

375 

725 

982 

1,500 


4 500 


1881-82...... 


12 600 


1882-83 


13,500 
15 000 


1883-84 


1884-85 


136 800 


1885-86 


151,800 
112,500 
217,500 
294 600 


1886-87 

1887-88 


1888-89 


1889-90 


450,000 




Totals 


4,696 


1,408,800 





Crop of 1S90-91— Shipments. 



Carloads. 


Boxes. 


33 


9,652 


111 


31,691 


99 
374 
338 


28,125 

106,806 

97,108 


163 

243 

51 


46,384 
69,239 
12,823 


4 


1,200 



December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July (up to July 23d) 
By express 

Totals 



1,416 



403,028 



CHIEF PRODUCING COUNTIES. 

Orange and Lemon Trees Growing in San Bernardino County. 

1889 — Orange trees, four years old and over... 391,656 

Orange trees, three years old and under 472,826 

Lemon trees, four years old and over 24,066 

Lemon trees, three years old and under 7,009 

Total planted 895,557 

Trees in Nursery. 

1890— Orange 426,356 

Lemon 75,000 

1891— Orange 591,973 

Lemon 50,000 

In Seed Beds. 

1891— Orange 2,526,150 

Lemon 50,000 

Planted Prior to 1890. 

Orange trees 10,175 acres. 

Lemon trees 390 acres. 

Total 10,565 acres. 

Planted in 1S90. 

Orange trees 3,647 acres. 

Lemon trees 1,144 acres. 

Total 4,791 acres. 



— 32 — 

Planted in 1891. 
Orange and lemon trees 9,316 acres. 

Planted to Date. 

Orange trees 22,872 acres. 

Lemon trees 1,800 acres. 

Total 24,672 acres. 

Orange and Lemon Trees Growing in Los Angeles County, 1891. 

Orange trees, ten years old and over.. 327,659 

Orange trees, under ten years old and over five 148,067 

Orange trees, five years old and under 511,376 

Total 987,102 

Lemon trees, bearing... 47.403 

Lemon trees, not bearing 29J524 

Total 76,927 

Orange and lemon trees in nursery 2,430,724 

Orange and lemon trees in seed bed 4,446,600 

Total 6,877,324 

Orange and Lemon Trees Growing in Orange County, 1891. 

Orange trees, bearing 89,260 

Orange trees, not bearing.. 51,769 

Lemon trees, bearing 5,097 

Lemon trees, not bearing 19,969 

Total 166,095 

Orange and Lemon Trees Growing in San Diego County, 1891. 

Orange trees, five years old and over 26,715 

Orange trees, under five years old 177,311 

Total 204,026 

Lemon trees, five years old and over 7,006 

Lemon trees, under five years old 58,916 

Total 65,922 

Orange and Lemon Trees Growing in Santa Barbara County, 1891. 

Orange trees, over five years old 6,700 

Orange trees, under five years old 37,500 

Total 44,200 

Lemon trees, over five years old 3,750 

Lemon trees, under five years old 9,400 

Total 13,150 

Orange and Lemon Trees Growing in Ventura County, 1891. 

Orange trees, over five years old 8,644 

Orange trees, under five years old 55,056 

Total 63,700 

Lemon trees, over five years old 4,215 

Lemon trees, under five years old 32,512 

Total 36,727 



33 — 



IMPORTS. 
Value of Imports of Oranges, Lemons, and Limes into California. 



Months. 


Lemons. 


Oranges. 


Limes. 


1882— July -.- 






$19,369 








16,870 


September 






25,240 


October 






25,206 


November 






24,349 


December .. 






25,781 


1883 — January - --. 






20,569 


February 






17,932 


March. .. . 






8,308 


April 






13,363 


May - -.- - 






8,348 


June .. . 






21,085 


July 




$1,725 

663 

844 

1,193 


12,400 


August 


$581 

1,735 

307 


7,322 


September . 


8,803 
6,958 


November 


3,884 


December . 




6,855 

2,228 

271 


6,632 


1884 — January 




20,352 


February - 

March . - .. .. 


135 


5,312 
5,626 


April ... 




4,304 
1,606 
2,500 
1,399 
540 


6,828 


May .. ... - 




3,521 


June 




7,154 


July 




5,478 


August 




3,238 


September 




5,731 


October . . 




6 


6,505 


November , 




4,404 


December 




9,063 
110 


4,972 


1885 — January 




3,339 


February . . . ._ . 




3,038 


March _ 






2,445 


April . . 




923 
2,976 
2,182 


3,146 


May 




2,519 


June . .. 




3,980 


July 




3,674 


August 




348 


4,235 


September . 




4,362 


October. 






6,373 


November .. 






3,595 


December r ._. 




3,731 


4,063 


1886— January 




1,112 


February.. ._ 






1,441 


March .. 






1,918 


April _. 






2,979 


Mav 




2,199 
1,310 
1,197 

680 

122 

1,264 

2,471 

79 

313 
1,578 
1,240 
1,168 
2,255 

571 


3,835 


June 




6,307 


July... 




3,358 


August 




4,718 


September . 




6,343 


October 




5,557 


November 




5,030 


December .. . 




6,497 


1887 — January.. .. 




2,718 


Febi'uary 




1,241 


March .. . 




2,046 


April .. 




2,808 


May 


154 


5,631 


June. 


4,478 


July 




5,404 


August . .. . .. 




4,117 








5 


October.. 




2,876 
1,157 
3,519 


7,464 


November. . 




3,918 


December 




2,992 



3-F 



— 34 — 

Value of Imports— Continued. 



Months. 



Lemons. Oranges. Limes 



1888— January ... 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December . 

1889 — January . . . 
February _. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October 

November . 
December . 

1890 — January . . . 
February .. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November . 
December . 

1891 — January ... 
February .. 
March ___.. 

April 

May 

June 

July 



$134 



1,400 
1,250 



695 



837 
97 



$1,841 

1,478 

52 

770 

985 

985 



614 

128 

4,041 

4,783 

1,906 

1,399 

390 

16 



1,149 



2,145 



1,152 
1,399 
4,377 
2,081 
1,661 
1,024 
141 
53 



3,242 
1,264 



4,360 

5,130 

11,293 

12,496 

3,724 

476 

276 

39 



2,542 



$3,021 
1,738 
5,309 
3,844 
7,279 
6,095 
7,872 
4,760 
5,201 
7,738 
6,118 
8,131 
4,589 
3,742 
5,347 
4,323 
4,341 
6,024 
5,902 
8,264 
6,319 
6,813 
8,855 
4,694 
4,085 
6,396 
3,963 
3,599 
4,666 

10,011 
8,658 
5,529 
3,662 
7,597 
3,113 
7,402 
2,401 
2,405 
2,687 
5,736 
7,484 
7,902 
5,210 



Citrus Fruits Imported into the United States. 



1882— Pounds. 



188S— Value. 



1890— Value. 



Oranges 
Lemons 
Limes .. 



17,686,480 
*3,390,604 



£2,408,262 

3,874,968 

40,128 



$2,269,149 

3,453,398 

58,959 



'Including limes. 



Imports of Mexican Oranges. 



Period During which Imported. 



Boxes. 



Value. 



December 20, 1884, to June 8, 1885.. . . 

December 18, 1885, to May 6, 1886 

November 6, 1886, to March 30, 1887 ... 

November 5, 1887, to April 14, 1888 

November 20, 1888, to April 6, 1889 

November 4, 1889, to March 17, 1890. . 
November 2, 1890, to February 19, 1891 

Totals 



5,740 


$10,993 


7,145 


10,922 


7,955 


14,654 


13,823 


13,026 


9,859 


15,241 


13,899 


26,424 


18,346 


34,607 



76,767 



$125,867 



— 35 — 

Citeus Fruits Imported into England in 1889. 



Bushels. 



Value. 



Oranges and lemons. 



573,516 



$4,553,380 



ORANGE AND LEMON PRODUCT OF ITALY FOR 1880. 

Adriatic region 85,000,000 

Mediterranean region . 725,000,000 

Sicily region 1,622,000,000 

Total fruits 2,432,000,000 



TARIFF ON ORANGES, LEMONS, AND LIMES. 

Oranges — In packages of 1£ cubic feet or less — Per package. .. $0 13 

In packages of li to 2i cubic feet — Per package _. 25 

In packages of 2| to 5 cubic feet — Per package 50 

In packages of over 5 cubic feet— For additional cubic foot or fraction 10 

In bulk— Per 1,000 150 

Limes and lemons in bulk— Per 1,000 .. 1 50 



SCALE FOR JUDGING CITRUS FRUITS. 

The California Scale. 
(Submitted for adoption by J. E. Cutter, of Riverside.) 

Preliminary Classification : 

Season: Early, December to April 1st; middle, February to July 1st; late, June to 
December 1st. 

Size: Large, medium, small. 
Divisions: 

Size, form, color, peel, fiber, grain, seed, weight, taste. Possible, 100 counts. 
Scale: 

1. Size Oto 10 

Standards: Large (126s), 3i incbes diameter; medium (176s), 2f inches 
diameter; small (226s), 2§ inches diameter; Tangierines, etc., 2| inches 
diameter. 

2. Form Oto 10 

Standards: Round, oval, ovate, pyriform. 

3. Color ..Oto 15 

Of bloom, to 2; of peel, to 10; of flesh, to 3. 

4. Peel Oto 10 

Sweetness, to 3 ; protective quality, to 7. 

5. Fiber Oto 8 

6. drain ...Oto 4 

7. Seed Oto 8 

8. Weight Oto 10 

9. Taste to 30 

Sweetness, to 10; citrus quality, to 10; aroma, to 10. 

The Florida Scale. 

1. Size Oto 10 

2. Appearance OtolO 

3. Juiciness OtolO 

4. Thickness of peel ...0 to 10 

5. Absence of seed ..0 to 10 

6. Absence of tissue OtolO 

7. Acidity.. .Oto 15 

8. Sweetness ... ..Oto 15 

9. Bouquet OtolO 

Total points in a perfect orange 100 



— 36 — 

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, SHOWING AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE 
ITALIAN, PLORIDAN, AND CALIFORNIAN CITRUS BELTS. 



Italian. 



Place. 



Naples ... 

Rome 

Florence . 

Pisa 

Genoa 

San Remo 
Mentone . 

Nice 

Cannes... 



5 3 
d cd 
cd kj 



61.3 
60.7 
58.8 
60.4 
60.4 
60.1 
60.9 
59.5 
59.5 



p So 

e co 

CD ^ 



48.5 
48.9 
44.3 
46.4 
44.9 
48.9 
49.0 
47.8 
49.6 



47.0 
45.0 
44.0 
45.8 
44.0 
48.0 
48.7- 
40.9 
48.8 



23.0 
23.0 



20.0 



Floridan. 





!» 


> 


> 






=>^ 


d^ 


<*-^ 






CD 2 


2S 


C CD 


«* 




B ,£ 




CD SO 








rt-TO 










CCD 


O CD 




Place. 


CD 


CD ^ 


s 






2 


a 


Sh 


H 














"< 


i-S 


bb 


B 




H 


H 


o« 


« 






CD 








J3 


B 






Jacksonville .. 


69.5 
68.4 


58.7 
55.7 


57.4 
54.1 


19.0 
16 


Pensacola.. 


Sanford 


71.0 


58.0 


55.0 


28.0 





Califoenian. 





> 


S> 


> 






2 "■ 


H 


■2< 

C CD 


So 
§3 




s t° 










S-cre 


rt-TO 


- CFQ 






3 CD 


3 CD 


CD CD 




Place. 


CD £ 


1> ^ 


s 






SB 


c 


2h 


H 








<t»CD 


CD 




«< 


►-i 


bb 


B 




h3 


H 


o« 


13 






CD 




CD 




B 


g 


?? 


Sp 


Powav .. 


50.3 
61.0 
60.5 
61.1 


50.2 
50.4 
50.0 
54.0 


48.4 
49.7 
52.0 
52.9 


21.0 

26.0 
23.0 
30.0 


Riverside .... 


Los Angeles 


Santa Barbara .. ' 


Sacramento . . 


60.2 


48.3 


47.0 


18.0 


Auburn . 


59.7 


46.2 


44.0 


18.0 


Marysville 


64.2 


50.0 


48.7 


18.0 


Oroville ... 


64.9 


52.0 


49.4 


20.0 





— 37 — 



ANALYSIS OF THE ORANGE. 

Composition of the Ashes of the Feuit. 



Constituents. 



Analysis 


Analysis 


No. 1. 


No. 2. 


20.15 


15.28 


10.22 


12.14 


30.12 


30.24 


9.02 


8.10 


20.04 


18.24 


1.08 


4.14 


4.50 


5.82 


4.25 


4.75 


.62 


1.29 



Potash 

Soda 

Lime 

■Magnesia ... 

Phosphoric acid 

Sulphuric acid 

Siliceous acid 

Oxide of iron 

Residue unaccounted for 



100.00 



100.00 



Weight of the ashes of two hundred pounds of fruit — Analysis No. 1, 7.14 pounds; 
Analysis No. 2, 6.96 pounds. 

Composition of the Ashes of the Trunk, Branches, and Leaves. 



Constituents. 



Analysis 
No. 3— 


Analysis 


Trunk and 


No 4— 


Branches. 


Leaves. 


14.15 


10.18 


16.67 


10.82 


31.57 


41.22 


10.64 


6.54 


18.82 


19.47 


4.89 


4.53 


2.82 


5.48 


.44 


1.76 



Potash ... 

Soda 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Phosphoric acid 

Sulphuric acid 

Siliceous acid . 

Iron and unaccounted for residue 



100.00 



100.00 



Weight of ashes of two hundred pounds — Analysis No. 3, 12.64 pounds; Analysis No. 4, 
12.40 pounds. Nitrogen — Analysis No. 3, 1.57 per cent; Analysis No. 4, 1.60 per cent. 

Leaving out of account the material required for the yearly produc- 
tion of leaves and buds — as to which precise data are wanting — and 
taking Analysis No. 1 as a basis, the cropping of thirty-two thousand 
pounds of fruit from two and one half acres will withdraw from the 
soil one thousand one hundred and forty-two pounds of mineral con- 
stituents, in the following proportions: 

Pounds. 

Potash... 230.12 

Soda 116.72 

Lime 343.98 

Magnesia 103.00 

Phosphoric acid 228.86 

Sulphuric acid 12.34 

Siliceous acid 51.38 

Oxide of iron and residue 55.60 

Total 1,142.00 

Nitrogen, .85 per cent of thirty-two thousand pounds. 

The absolute and proportional percentage of the mineral constituents 
of stable manure is, of course, extremely variable. The following figures 
are given as the quantity of such constituents usually contained in 



— 38 — 

sixty thousand pounds of what may be called stable manure of normal 
type: 

Pounds. 

Potash 242 

Soda.. 16 

Lime 288 

Magnesia 120 

Phosphoric acid 102 

Sulphuric acid. 60 

Siliceous acid 300 

Oxide of iron 204 

Hydrochloric acid 18 

Total 1,350 

The general composition of these sixty thousand pounds of stable 
manure may be summed up thus: 

Pounds. 

Mineral constituents 1,350 

Nitrogen 240 

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen .. 10,410 

Moisture .... . 48,000 

Total.. 60,000 



Suppose sixty thousand pounds of such manure to have been applied to 
two and one half acres of ground from which a crop of thirty-two thou- 
sand pounds of fruit has been raised, let us see what mineral constituents 
have been replaced and what proportion is still wanting: 



Constituents. 



Contained 
in Crop. 



Supplied 
by Manure. 



Deficiency. 



Potash 

Soda 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Phosphoric acid . . 

Sulphuric acid 

Siliceous acid 

Oxide of iron . 

Hydrochloric acid . 



230.12 

116.72 

343.98 

103.00 

228.86 

12.34 

51.38 

55.60 



242 
16 

288 
120 
102 

60 
300 
204 

18 



Excess. 

100.72 

55.98 

Excess. 

126.86 
Excess. 
Excess. 
Excess. 
Excess. 



tl 



I§§ 



